1 kumaTsarin ruwa mai gishiriBayani na'urar

Ruwa sarrafawa kayan aiki bitter gishiri ruwa desalination na'urar: reverse osmosis tsarin, abinci masana'antu tsabtace ruwa, takarda wutar lantarki tashar tukuna ruwa ultra tacewa pre-treatment, wutar lantarki tashar desalination ruwa, magunguna masana'antu tsabtace ruwa, hadewa ruwa mai tsabtace, ion musayar softening tsarin, kogin ruwa tsabtace softening tsarin, tacewa ruwa samar da tsarin, karkashin kasa ruwa tsabtace tsarin.

II. Taswirar ruwan gishiri

Bitter salt ruwa desalination kayan aiki dace da high salty yankunan da teku ruwa pouring yankunan, amfani da Amurka shigo da reverse osmosis membrane bangarori, gida high quality matsin lamba kwantena, da kuma Jamus shigo da high matsin lamba famfo, tare da m pre-treatment kayan aiki, zai iya yadda ya kamata cire ruwa mara kyau gishiri, nauyi karfe ions, organic abubuwa, kwayoyin cuta da kwayoyin cuta da sauran mummunan abubuwa, desalination Bitter salt ruwa zuwa m ruwa da ya dace da kasa rayuwa ruwa sha ka'idodin. Dangane da ingancin ruwa na gida na abokin ciniki don yin cikakken bincike da ƙirar musamman, ƙoƙarin samar da inganci mai inganci, mai dorewa, da kuma ingancin ruwa mai tsabtace ruwa daidai da ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha na ƙasa (GB5749-85), don magance matsalar ruwan sha a yankunan da ke da karancin ruwa.

Tsarin ruwan gishiri shine tsarin raba abubuwa tare da membrane mai tsanani a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. Reverse osmosis membrane surface aiki ba da damar ruwa kawai ta wuce, 99% mai narkewa gishiri da duk kwayoyin cuta, acrobatics da aka tsare, da kuma ruwa ba wani mataki canji, don haka reverse osmosis desalination ne mafi ci gaba da kuma mafi makamashi-adana hanyar desalination.

3. Menene ruwa mai gishiri

A cikin jikin ruwa, lokacin da abun ciki na fluorine ya fi 1.2mg / L, an kira shi fluorine overdose, kuma an kira shi high fluorine ruwa. Lokacin da abun ciki mai narkewa> 1500mg / L, ana kira shi ruwa mai gishiri. Fluoride shine wani non-karfe sinadarai abu, a cikin abubuwa periodic jadawalin da aka tsara tara, da ke cikin biyu zagaye bakwai kungiyar babban gidan abubuwa, sinadarai halitta ne sosai m, kusan ba zai iya wanzu kadai, a cikin yanayi ne a cikin yanayin daban-daban mahada wanzu, yadu a cikin dutse, ƙasa, teku, a duniya rarraba ne sosai m. Bayan fluoride ya fi girma yana da sauƙin haifar da gubar fluoride.

Aikace-aikacen fluoride a rayuwar yau da kullun har yanzu yana da yawa, gami da magani, masana'antun sinadarai, sararin samaniya, makamashin atomiki da sauransu. Misali, sodium fluoride da kanta abu ne mai guba, amma ana iya amfani da shi a matsayin magunguna ko magungunan kashe kwari. Fluoride na gida saboda mutane suna rayuwa a cikin wannan yanayin mai yawan fluoride, yawan yawan cin fluoride na dogon lokaci yana haifar da canje-canje na gubar guba na yau da kullun, wanda ya shafi wuyar jikin mutum, gami da hakora, ƙasusuwa, wasu wasu ƙwayoyin lafiya kuma suna da lalacewa, ba shakka mafi bayyane na asibiti shine fluoroplasty da osteoporosis. Fluoride lalacewar hakora ba kawai tasirin kyakkyawa, amma kuma tasirin chewing da digestion aiki. Fluoroskeletal cututtuka yawanci suna faruwa a cikin manya, kuma yara suna samun Fluoroskeletal cututtuka. Canje-canje na farko na osteofluorosis daga binciken asibiti sun haɗa da karkata ƙasusuwa kamar rashin haɓaka hannu, wanda ke shafar rayuwa da aiki. Fluoride na gida yana da haɗari mai girma, ba kawai ya haifar da ciwo ga marasa lafiya ba, har ma ya shafi ci gaban tattalin arzikin gida, bayan shiga jiki yana sa calcium ya ajiye yawa a kan jijiyoyin jini, yana haifar da calcification na jijiyoyin jini, yana haifar da arteriosclerosis. Shan ruwa mai yawan fluoride yana da sauƙin haifar da gubar fluoride. A kasarmu ban da Shanghai, Hainan, Taiwan, ba a gano gubar fluoride ba, sauran larduna da birni da yankuna masu zaman kansu suna da cututtukan gubar fluoride na gida daban-daban. A halin yanzu, Neumont yana da gubar ruwan sha a cikin 77 daga cikin gundumomin 101 da ke da yawan mutane miliyan 6 da ke zaune a yankunan da ke da yawan fluorine, kuma a halin yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.7 da ke da cututtukan fluorine. Dangane da kididdigar da ba cikakke ba, kusan mutane miliyan 30 a kasar Sin suna shan ruwa mai yawan fluoride. Ruwan gishiri na kasar Sin ya fi yawa a arewa da gabashin gabashin bakin teku. Fiye da mutane miliyan 38 ne ke sha ruwan gishiri. Ruwan gishiri mafi yawan yana da ɗanɗano mai zafi, yana da wuya a sha shi kai tsaye, shan shi na dogon lokaci yana haifar da rikice-rikice na aikin ciki, ƙananan rigakafi.

4. Yankin amfani da na'urar desalination na ruwa mai gishiri

Ruwa mai gishiri saboda yana dauke da mafi girman sulfate da chloride, yana sa ruwa ya zama mai gishiri, shan ruwa mai gishiri na dogon lokaci zai lalata lafiyar jikin mutum har zuwa nakasa. Na'urar tana dacewa da tushen ruwa tare da sulfate, chloride abun ciki ba fiye da 500mg / L, kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin samar da ruwa mai gishiri a yammacin yankuna. Kayayyakin siffofin Bitter salt ruwa desalination na'urar amfani da musamman resin, bayan adsorption tacewa cire sulfate tushen ions da chlorine tushen a cikin ruwa, da kuma gargajiya Bitter salt ruwa kayan aiki a kan kayan aiki, fasaha da kuma inganta, cimma sauki aiki, sarrafawa low kudin manufa, yadu amfani da Bitter salt ruwa magani a yammacin yankuna.

5. Hanyar desalination na ruwa mai gishiri

1. Hanyar distillation

Hanyar distillation ita ce tsarin dumama ruwan gishiri ko ruwan teku don tafiya ya yi tururi, sannan ya haɗa tururi zuwa ruwa mai kyau. Hanyar distillation ita ce hanyar desalination ta farko da aka yi amfani da ita, babban amfaninsa shine tsarin ya fi sauki, sauƙin aiki, da ingancin ruwan da aka samu. Akwai nau'ikan hanyoyin distillation, kamar multi-tasiri tururi, multi-mataki flash tururi, matsa tururi distillation, membrane distillation da sauransu.

2. Hanyar electrolysis

A、 Ana amfani da hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis ta hanyar electrolysis. Na'urar electrolysis tana amfani da kayan aiki na ions a ƙarƙashin aikin filin lantarki, don cimma burin cire gishiri ta hanyar zaɓar membrane mai musayar ion mai tsabtace. A ƙarƙashin aikin filin lantarki na DC, ions a cikin ruwa suna ƙaura (membrane na musayar cation yana ba da damar cation kawai ta wuce, membrane na musayar anion yana ba da damar anion kawai ta wuce), yana sa mafi yawan ions a cikin ruwa ɗaya su ƙaura zuwa wani ruwa. Wannan fasaha ya zama mafi balaga, yana da manyan fa'idodi kamar tsari mai sauki, babban ƙimar kawar da gishiri, ƙananan farashin samar da ruwa, sauƙin aiki, ba gurɓatar da muhalli ba, amma akwai rashin amfani kamar buƙatun ingancin ruwa masu tsanani da buƙatar pre-treatment na ruwa. A cikin shekarun 1950, Amurka da Birtaniya sun fara amfani da wannan hanyar don desalination na ruwan gishiri, China a cikin shekarun 1980 ta yi amfani da wannan hanyar don desalination na ruwan gishiri, masana'antu mai tsabta da ruwan tsabta.

B、 Aikace-aikacen fasali na electrolysis a cikin aikin desalination na ruwa mai gishiri

(1) electrolysis na baƙin ƙarfe, magnesium, calcium, potassium, chloride da sauran masu narkewa na gishiri mara kyau da kuma nuna alamun toxicology na arsenic, fluoride da yawan cirewa ya kai 66% ~ 93%, wanda zai iya saduwa da buƙatun ruwan gishiri mai laushi;

(2) electrolysis ga oxygen amfani, N H32N, NO-32N, NO22N da kuma silicon cirewa kudi ne ƙasa, kawai 15% ~ 45%, amma saboda cewa a sama nuna alama abun ciki a cikin raw ruwa, cirewa kudi ko da yake ƙasa, har yanzu iya biyan rayuwa sha ruwa tsaftacewa bukatun;

(3) Cire yawan SO2-4 ta electrolysis 63.8%, don desalination na ruwan SO-42Na da SO4 · Cl2Na, yana da wuya a cika buƙatun tsabtace ruwan sha na rayuwa;

(4) amfani da makamashi na tsarin electrolysis yana da alaƙa da yawan gishirin ruwa, da yawan gishirin ruwa ya fi girma, da yawan amfani da makamashi ya fi girma, saboda haka kwatancen electrolysis ya dace da ƙananan gishirin gishiri. Bugu da ƙari, saboda electrolysis ba zai iya cire abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa da kwayoyin cuta ba, tare da yawan amfani da makamashi da kayan aikin ke aiki, yana iyakance aikace-aikacensa a cikin aikin desalination na ruwa mai gishiri, saboda haka an maye gurbin na'urar electrolysis ta asali a hankali ta hanyar na'urar reverse osmosis a cikin desalination na ruwa mai gishiri.

3. Hanyar reverse osmosis

Ka'idodin da halaye na hanyar reverse osmosis ta amfani da wani zaɓi na membrane mai tsabtace don rarraba kwantena zuwa rabin, a bangarorin membrane biyu a lokaci guda an ƙara ruwa mai tsabta da ruwa mai gishiri, don haka mafi girman ruwa na bangarorin membrane biyu, bayan wani lokaci zai faru a bangaren ruwa mai gishiri yana tashi, mafi girman ruwa mai tsabtace yana raguwa, saboda sakamakon ƙaura na kwayoyin ruwa ta hanyar membrane mai tsabtace zuwa bangaren ruwa mai gishiri, wannan yanayin da ake kira penetration. An kira membrane mai iya yin zaɓi na ruwa ko mafita semipermeable membrane. Idan aka ƙara matsin lamba mai dacewa a gefen mafita mai ƙarfi, za a iya dakatar da shigarwa. Matsin lamba lokacin da m mafita zuwa karfi mafita dakatar da shiga ake kira shiga matsin lamba. Reverse osmosis ne a gefen mafita mai ƙarfi tare da matsin lamba mafi girma fiye da shigarwa ta halitta, juya shugabancin shigarwa ta halitta, matsa lamba a cikin mafita zuwa gefen da ke cikin membrane mai shigarwa, wanda ya saba da tsarin shigarwa na halitta, saboda haka ana kiran shi "reverse osmosis", irin wannan na'urar da ake kira na'urar reverse osmosis. Hanyar reverse osmosis na iya cire fiye da kashi 90 cikin dari na gishiri mai narkewa da fiye da kashi 99 cikin dari na ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin halitta daga ruwa. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin sarrafa ruwa, yana da fa'idodi kamar babu canje-canje na yanayi, aikin zafin jiki na yau da kullun, kayan aiki masu sauƙi, inganci, ƙananan yanki, sauƙin aiki, ƙananan amfani da makamashi, kewayon daidaitawa, babban matakin sarrafa kansa da ingancin fitar da ruwa. Musamman, kayan aikin tsabtace ruwan gishiri mai tsabtace ruwa mai tsabtace ruwa mai tsabtace ruwa mai tsabtace ruwa mai tsabtace ruwa mai tsabtace ruwa mai tsabtace ruwa mai tsabtace ruwa mai tsabtace ruwa mai tsabtace ruwa mai tsabtace ruwa mai tsabtace ruwa mai tsabtace ruwa mai tsabtace ruwa mai tsabtace ruwa mai Hanyar reverse osmosis desalination ba kawai ta dace da desalination na ruwan gishiri ba, har ma ta dace da desalination na ruwan gishiri. Daga cikin hanyoyin desalination na yanzu, hanyar desalination ta reverse osmosis ita ce mafi tattalin arziki, har ma ta wuce hanyar desalination ta electrolysis. Tun da karfin motsawa na tsarin reverse osmosis shine matsin lamba, babu canje-canje na mataki a cikin tsari, membrane yana taka rawar "screening" kawai, don haka tsarin raba reverse osmosis yana buƙatar ƙananan amfani da makamashi. A cikin ruwan teku da ruwan gishiri na yanzu, hanyar reverse osmosis ita ce mafi yawan samar da makamashi. Fasalin rabuwa da membrane na reverse osmosis shine rabuwarsa mai "faɗi", wato, ba kawai zai iya cire ions daban-daban a cikin ruwa ba, har ma zai iya cire ƙwayoyin da suka fi girma fiye da ions, kamar mafi yawan abubuwan halitta, colloids, ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, dakatarwa da sauransu, don haka ana kira hanyar rabuwa da reverse osmosis mai faɗi.

6. Binciken da ya shafi desalination

Kasar Sin kasa ce mai karancin ruwa, a cikin kasar akwai birane sama da 300 da ke da karancin ruwa, birane 110 da ke da karancin ruwa mai tsanani, da birane tara daga cikin biranen da ke buɗe bakin teku 14 da ke da karancin ruwa mai tsanani. A yankunan bushewa na arewa maso yammacin kasarmu, albarkatun ruwa mai daɗi da ake amfani da su sun fi iyakance. Bugu da ƙari, akwai dubban tsibiran da ke bakin tekun kasar Sin, amma karancin albarkatun ruwa mai kyau, kawai za a iya magance matsalar ruwan sha ta hanyar tara ruwan sama da jigilar ruwa daga ƙasa ta jirgin ruwa, farashi mai tsada, fuskantar mummunan yanayi, samar da ruwa sau da yawa ba a tabbatar da shi ba.

A yankunan bushewa na arewa maso yammacin kasarmu, kodayake rashin albarkatun ruwa mai kyau yana da wadatar ruwan gishiri ko tafkin ruwan gishiri. Yankin bakin teku yana da wadataccen ruwan teku. Bincike da ci gaba da kuma inganta ingantaccen fasahar samar da ruwan gishiri yana da mahimmanci sosai, shi ne ainihin matakai masu yiwuwa don magance rikicin albarkatun ruwa a yankin gabar tekun kasar Sin, magance karancin albarkatun ruwa mai tsabta a arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin da wasu yankunan ruwan gishiri, magance matsalolin amfani da ruwa na mazauna tsibiran da yawa a gabar tekun kasar Sin.

Babban burin binciken wannan aikin shine magance rashin amfani da gargajiya na reverse osmosis, bincika sabon tsarin desalination na reverse osmosis mai laushi, rage farashin desalination, samar da tushen fasaha ga yankunan da ke da rashin ruwa mai laushi amma wadatar da albarkatun ruwan gishiri.

Bisa ga bincike da nazarin bayanai, wannan aikin ya ƙayyade sabon tsarin reverse osmosis na ruwa mai gishiri: tsarin tsarin membrane. Babban amfanin wannan cikakken membrane tsari tsari ne: tsari mai sauki, tsari hanya gajeren, kayan aiki girma kananan, sauki hadewa, zuba jari, aiki kudi low, sauki cimma sarrafa kansa iko na dukan inji.

An kwatanta bincike na polymer membrane kayan, da zaɓi ya ƙayyade wani membrane da aka yi amfani da a kowane tsari: mataki na farko microfilter amfani da polyethylene sintered microfilter membrane, daidaito ne 5μm, don m tacewa; Mataki na biyu microfilter ne amfani da polypropylene folding fim, zaɓi daidaito ne 0.2μm, don tsaro tacewa. Ultra tacewa fina-finai da aka zaɓi da polypropylene kayan, yadi da aka yi a cikin rami fiber fina-finai (30,000 Dalton). Zaɓin kayan membrane na reverse osmosis yana da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin.

An haɗu da na'urar motsawa mai tsananin ruwa, don yin na'urar mai motsawa, wanda zai iya dacewa da bukatun yankuna daban-daban. Na'urar ta yi amfani da aiki matsin lamba, ruwa shigarwa kwarara, desalination ruwa kwarara da kuma m ruwa kwarara ci gaba da online sa ido da kuma iyaka ƙararrawa iko, saita dakatarwa da ƙararrawa tsarin don reverse osmosis shigarwa ruwa underpressure da kuma high matsin lamba famfo fitarwa overload, saita tsaro kariya na'urar reverse osmosis membrane tsaftacewa da kuma hana membrane lalacewa. Amfani da madaidaicin sarrafawa don sarrafa mai dacewa fitarwa ikon, cimma makamashi ceton rage amfani da manufa.

Dangane da ingancin ruwa mai gishiri a duk faɗin kasarmu, an gudanar da gwajin gwajin kwaikwayon ruwan gishiri mai gishiri ta amfani da na'urar da aka ambata a sama, sakamakon gwajin ya nuna cewa lokacin da jimlar ruwan da aka narke (TDS) ya kai 22g / L, TDS na ruwan da aka fitar kawai 368mg / L, yana iya cimma ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha (ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha na kasarmu na TDS < 1000mg / L). Ga duk ruwan gishiri mai laushi na analog, yawan cire TDS ya kai sama da 95%, kuma rage yawan wayar lantarki ya kai sama da 95%.

7. Taƙaitaccen

Wannan tsarin sarrafawa na tsarin sarrafawa bayan wani lokaci na aiki, alamomi daban-daban sun kai buƙatun ƙirar, bayan ƙarin taƙaitaccen bayani, don ci gaba da ingantawa da inganta aikace-aikacen nan gaba ya tara ƙwarewa mai mahimmanci na ka'ida da aiki.